The Commission recommends agencies using the technology follow the guidance in the document. Click here to read the full article. Governor Abbott has reappointed Jeffrey Barnard, M. Governor's Announcement. ET, a. Central Time, September 10, You can access the hearing at the link below:. The Commission issued a document describing the impact of the federal farm bill and similar state legislation on forensic analysis of seized drugs in the crime laboratory as well as observations from the Office of Court Administration regarding case filing data.
A copy of the document can be found here:. It is the first P of the marketing mix. To understand what a product is, one must realize the fact that a product is a mortal. A product is born, it lives its life, does wonders hopefully and eventually dies unless there is a product extension. This entire journey is called the product life cycle.
In this article, I explain to you the concept of the Product Life cycle , in detail, with the help of the example of an Apple iPhone. Also, for each of the stages, there are certain Marketing strategies which you can use as a marketer. I have again taken the example the product life cycle of an Apple iPhone and written a short e-Book.
This e-Book talks about the various marketing and pricing strategies which you can use at each stage of the Product Life Cycle. Often you would have seen new products coming into the market. These products gradually evolve, receive their share of market acceptance and then eventually vanish from the market. Sure, many products, which are decades and decades-old may still not have vanished from the market.
These are some long-living legends that are unique. However, even these products, as they are today, are not the same as they were years back. It outlines the typical journey traversed by a product in its lifetime right since the time it is introduced in the market to the time phases out.
The Product Life Cycle Model was introduced in the s but remains relevant even today, even though people have started producing their own variations of this model. Essentially, each stage in the product life cycle is a function of two things — Time on the X-axis , and Sales on the Y-axis. This is the stage wherein a product is introduced to the market. Usually, the prices are kept as low as possible to capture the maximum market share. In the case of high-end products like the Apple iPhone , the strategy is different.
In the Introduction Stage of the Product Life Cycle of Apple iPhone, the price is kept high so as to maintain the exclusivity of ownership. As lifelong residents of Utah County and scientists, we felt a responsibility to respond to the technical questions asked by friends and family. We did not receive any funding to carry out this work, nor do we plan on seeking financial support on this topic our BYU lab mainly researches water and air pollution: benabbott.
These studies were done by independent groups from all around the U. In the paragraphs below, we have done our best to accurately reflect the scientific evidence, pointing out where it is solid and where there is still uncertainty.
There are four sections, with increasing levels of detail: 1. An executive summary, 2. A list of common questions, 3. A deep dive, and 4. FAQs about the study. We hope this summary is useful to you as you decide what is best for your family and as our community decides how best to face this threat together. It is in the same family as the virus that caused the SARS outbreak of , and both of the viruses appear to have originally come from bats 27, Thankfully, most people who have COVID only experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and fatigue.
For reference, the common flu has a death rate of 0. Serious COVID complications include damage to the lungs, liver, and heart, permanent loss of taste and smell, blood clots, stroke, and death The rate of complications including death is much higher in individuals with preexisting conditions, particularly the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory conditions, high blood pressure, cancer, an organ transplant, sickle cell disease, immune disorders, and those living in areas with more air pollution 33,35, While much is still being learned about this disease, it appears that the main way the virus is spread is through small droplets of moisture that are produced when a person exhales, talks, coughs, or sneezes 5,34, These tiny droplets can travel many feet through the air and linger in the air or on surfaces for several minutes to hours after the infected person has left the area 17,19,35,38, The virus can also spread indirectly through objects and surfaces.
After infection, most people experience an incubation period where there are no symptoms—typically lasting 5 days, but sometimes lasting 15 days 1,5, Infected individuals are most contagious during the day before first symptoms and in the few days after onset, meaning that people who feel completely healthy can spread the virus to loved ones and strangers 10,37, Up to one in three COVID carriers show no symptoms at all asymptomatic 12,45 , though they can still spread the virus 1,4, It is estimated that half of all transmissions occur from individuals not showing symptoms 1, We have compiled information on the pathology of COVID in children, adolescents, and young adults in a new report that is freely accessible here Are masks effective for individuals and communities?
There is clear evidence that face coverings reduce the spray of droplets produced during speaking, coughing, and sneezing 6,17,19,49— This is why masks have long been recommended for individuals with respiratory infections 7,7,40,53— However, not all face coverings are equally effective. Multi-layer synthetic and cotton masks provide the most filtration, while bandanas and fleeces neck gaiters provide very little or no protection 6, While it is always difficult to establish cause and effect at the community level, there is now strong evidence that public masking can slow or even stop the spread COVID in states and countries 4,7,11,13,16,44, One of the most conclusive studies on the subject compared the effectiveness of universal masking in the health-care system of Massachusetts 8.
This large study involved 75, participants, including healthcare workers and patients. Of all the public health interventions, universal masking appears to be the most associated with stopping the exponential growth of COVID cases, first flattening and then decreasing the infection rate 8. Another study from Missouri demonstrated the effectiveness of universal masking in commercial settings 9.
None of the clients or other stylists in the salon developed symptoms 9, Similar accounts are being reported from around the U. There is also recent evidence that masking is effective at state and national levels. Likewise, the COVID growth rate and mortality rate are lower in countries and states that required public masking 12,13, The relationship between public masking and lower COVID mortality could be due to lower viral loading how many particles you are exposed to decreasing the severity of infection This suggests that even when masks do not completely stop transmission, they could still save lives.
There is some anecdotal evidence that masking is working in Utah. Since the mask mandate was passed for Salt Lake and Summit Counties on June 27 th , the number of new cases in those areas has decreased, while the number of new cases in the rest of the state has increased Likewise, the July 10 th request by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for all members to wear masks in public coincides with a flattening and then decrease of COVID cases statewide Are masks dangerous?
Perhaps the most robust demonstration of the safety of public masking is that this practice has been widely used for decades in many countries, especially in Asia 61,62, In these regions, where it is common to wear a mask when sick or when there is an outbreak masking has proven safe among children, adults, and the elderly 11, Likewise, widespread use in the northeastern U. This history of widespread use decreases the risk of unexpected side-effects Because masks have been used by medical professionals for centuries, there is a large body of scientific evidence about their performance and safety 41,50,56,67— Several mild and rare side effects have been identified, including skin irritation, headaches, and general discomfort in a minority of users 1,21,22, However, certain individuals with acute, preexisting conditions, such as COPD and end-stage renal disease can have difficulty breathing when they wear a respirator N95 for long periods 24,71— It is also recommended that individuals should not wear a mask if they cannot remove it on their own—for example, children under two, or people who are unconscious—for common sense, comfort, and safety reasons Despite widespread concern on social media and in the news, there is no evidence that masking causes dangerous hypoxia low oxygen or hypercapnia high carbon dioxide in healthy individuals, even when multiple masks are layered on top of each other 22,70, In fact, wearing a surgical mask during exercise has been used as a treatment to reduce exercise-induced asthma There are two main concerns about public masking from a public health perspective, both based on studies of other diseases.
Second , if masks are worn improperly, there can be self-contamination, where bacterial or viral particles accumulated on the outside of the mask are transferred to the hands and then potentially to the mouth or eyes 41,54, To the second point, mask users should wash their hands after removing their mask and wash masks daily Figure 1.
However, the risk of self-contamination is most likely in clinical situations where masks are used to protect the wearers 41, This is less of a concern in a public masking scenario, where masks are used to contain infection sources. What would the economic consequences be of public masking? The most recent analysis by Goldman Sachs suggests that increasing masking by 25 percentage points from current levels would cut the COVID growth rate by 3-fold and prevent the need for a second round of economic shutdowns There is nearly universal consensus that masks could be one of the most powerful and cost-effective tools to stop COVID and accelerate the economic recovery 1,5,10,11,16, The research cited in this report comes from independent medical teams from around the world.
Having multiple groups investigate the same question and comparing their independent conclusions increases the reliability of the science. To make it easier for you to evaluate the strength of this evidence, we have compiled PDFs of each cited study in this online folder. To get started, here are five of the most definitive scientific studies on public masking and COVID :. What kinds of masks are we talking about?
There are three main types of masks each with different purposes. Experts have advised the general public to wear cloth face coverings to slow the spread of COVID, in conjunction with hand washing, physical distancing, and other protective measures Figure 1. N95 Respirator: An N95 mask formally called a respirator has an extremely small pore size that filters out most particles and aerosols. Given the shortage of these devices, it has been recommended that N95 masks should be reserved and set aside for healthcare workers in clinical settings.
Because they are fitted to the face and have such a high filtration capacity, these respirators provide protection from outside droplets and particles. Surprisingly, they have proven as or more effective as surgical masks and even N95 respirators in some circumstances to contain droplets and disperse air 6,17,19,
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